The Fatimids were the last Arabs to rule Egypt for almost
a thousand years. In 1171, a Kurdish general from Syria named
Salah al-Din (or Saladin) brought an end to their rule. He built
his own dynasty, called the Ayyubid, and extended his control
over Palestine. With Palestine came Jerusalem, and European
Christians intent on regaining its holy places waged a war, one
of the Crusades, against Saladin. Ayyubid control of Egypt
continued until about 1250. By then, the Ayyubids had come to
rely for their power on a class of Turkish soldiers called Mam-
luks. Officially they were slaves, but they had so much power
a thousand years. In 1171, a Kurdish general from Syria named
Salah al-Din (or Saladin) brought an end to their rule. He built
his own dynasty, called the Ayyubid, and extended his control
over Palestine. With Palestine came Jerusalem, and European
Christians intent on regaining its holy places waged a war, one
of the Crusades, against Saladin. Ayyubid control of Egypt
continued until about 1250. By then, the Ayyubids had come to
rely for their power on a class of Turkish soldiers called Mam-
luks. Officially they were slaves, but they had so much power
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