In 1516, Egypt fell to the Ottoman Turks, who ruled from
Istanbul. Their empire included much of the eastern Mediter-
ranean region and the Arabian Peninsula and was too large
to be governed effectively by their available manpower. The
Ottomans thus chose to incorporate the Mamluks into their
administration of Egypt. Ottoman control of Egypt was never
really strong, and the Mamluks reasserted themselves in an
environment of growing civil conflict. Egypt was a tempting
target for another strong invader.
Egypt’s modern history effectively began in 1798, when
French forces under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte
occupied the country. This began a period of European colo-
nial influence and rule over Egypt that greatly changed the
country’s orientation and priorities.
Istanbul. Their empire included much of the eastern Mediter-
ranean region and the Arabian Peninsula and was too large
to be governed effectively by their available manpower. The
Ottomans thus chose to incorporate the Mamluks into their
administration of Egypt. Ottoman control of Egypt was never
really strong, and the Mamluks reasserted themselves in an
environment of growing civil conflict. Egypt was a tempting
target for another strong invader.
Egypt’s modern history effectively began in 1798, when
French forces under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte
occupied the country. This began a period of European colo-
nial influence and rule over Egypt that greatly changed the
country’s orientation and priorities.
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