According to Hamdan, the strongest of all influences on contemporary
Egyptians is what he calls ‘Europeanization’ (see also Wirth and Mensching
1989). This influence had already begun in the nineteenth century with
Mohammed Ali’s orientation towards Europe and continued under British
colonial rule over Egypt from 1882. As in the Arab countries, the European
educational system was introduced and became the only one to enjoy official
recognition. Owing to the activities of different European and American Chris-
tian missions, the French and the English (and American) educational systems
Egyptians is what he calls ‘Europeanization’ (see also Wirth and Mensching
1989). This influence had already begun in the nineteenth century with
Mohammed Ali’s orientation towards Europe and continued under British
colonial rule over Egypt from 1882. As in the Arab countries, the European
educational system was introduced and became the only one to enjoy official
recognition. Owing to the activities of different European and American Chris-
tian missions, the French and the English (and American) educational systems
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