The total number of Egyptians living abroad is difficult to calculate. Accord-
ing to a government source it was 1.9 million in 2001 (CAPMAS 2001b). Less
official estimates indicate 2.5 to 4 million Egyptian emigrants. Underlying the
figures, however, are considerable fluctuations in the political and economic
situation in the region. The Gulf War of 1991 alone resulted in the return of
almost 1 million Egyptian labour migrants from Iraq, and similarly the eco-
nomic crisis in the Gulf States in the 1980s and the deterioration in relations
between Egypt and Libya compelled thousands of Egyptian labour migrants
ing to a government source it was 1.9 million in 2001 (CAPMAS 2001b). Less
official estimates indicate 2.5 to 4 million Egyptian emigrants. Underlying the
figures, however, are considerable fluctuations in the political and economic
situation in the region. The Gulf War of 1991 alone resulted in the return of
almost 1 million Egyptian labour migrants from Iraq, and similarly the eco-
nomic crisis in the Gulf States in the 1980s and the deterioration in relations
between Egypt and Libya compelled thousands of Egyptian labour migrants
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